Despite substantial advancements in global renewable electrification, achieving universal access to affordable and reliable energy services remains a daunting challenge, especially in regions like sub-Saharan Africa. According to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7.1, the aim is to ensure universal energy access by 2030—a target still far out of reach for countries such as Malawi, where only a fraction of the population has access to electricity. In these areas, decentralized energy solutions, particularly biogas, offer a promising path forward.
Decentralized biogas systems present an effective alternative to traditional grid expansion in rural Malawi, where the electrification rate hovers around a mere 5.6%. Biogas technology utilizes anaerobic digestion, where microorganisms break down organic materials like crop residues and animal waste without oxygen, producing methane-rich biogas capable of generating electricity and heat.
Biogas systems not only provide a sustainable energy source but also tackle environmental and health issues by reducing the reliance on biomass fuels such as wood and charcoal, which contribute to deforestation and indoor air pollution. This is significant in Malawi, where a 21% loss of humid primary forest has been recorded between 2002 and 2023, coupled with rising chronic respiratory conditions linked to smoke exposure.
The construction and operation of biogas plants are relatively economical, potentially lowering energy costs for rural households. A small community-scale biogas plant with a digester volume of 15 cubic meters can be constructed for approximately US$1,540, providing sufficient energy for a family of up to five to cook for a month. These systems use local materials and can be built by community members with some technical training, fostering local employment and skill development.
Despite these benefits, the uptake of biogas technology in Malawi faces significant hurdles. While lower than other renewable technologies, the initial cost remains prohibitive for many Malawians, 72% of whom lived on less than US$2.15 a day (in 2023). The lack of technical expertise and the logistical challenges associated with transporting biomass feedstock may also pose additional challenges.
Collaborative efforts between governments, non-governmental organizations, and international donors are essential to scaling biogas technology effectively. Financial incentives, technical training programs, and stronger regulatory frameworks could enhance local capacities and make biogas a cornerstone of Malawi’s rural electrification strategy.
By focusing on scalable, community-driven energy solutions, Malawi can make significant strides towards sustainable development, improving quality of life and reducing environmental impacts. As biogas plants become more prevalent, they have the potential to transform energy access in rural areas, marking a critical step towards achieving global energy goals.
